Commercial Lawyer in Istanbul, Turkey

A commercial lawyer in Turkey drafts and reviews commercial contracts, pursues unpaid debts through enforcement proceedings and litigation, handles unfair competition and negotiable-instrument disputes, and represents merchants before the commercial courts. For a foreign business, a commercial lawyer in Istanbul also typically advises on how Turkish commercial procedure — mandatory mediation, notice requirements, negotiable-instrument enforcement — differs from what the client may be used to at home.

Foreign clients usually come with one of a few situations: an importer or exporter whose Turkish counterparty has stopped paying, a supplier who delivered goods and holds only invoices and e-mails, a principal ending an agency or distribution agreement, a brand owner whose name has been registered by someone else, a creditor holding a Turkish cheque or promissory note, or a company with a foreign judgment or arbitral award to enforce. Each of these has its own procedure and time limits in Turkish law, explained below.

Questions about forming a company, share transfers and disputes between partners are covered on our corporate law page. This page deals with the contracts and disputes between a business and its customers, suppliers, agents and competitors.

All transactions and acts that concern a commercial enterprise are commercial transactions (Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, Art. 3). The Code then defines commercial cases in two groups (Art. 4/1). The first covers disputes arising from matters that concern the commercial enterprises of both parties, such as a sale between two companies. The second covers certain matters regardless of whether the parties are merchants, among them everything regulated in the Commercial Code itself (cheques, promissory notes, unfair competition, agency, companies), transfers of a business, commission and storage contracts, intellectual property legislation, and disputes concerning banks, credit and financial institutions and money lending. Disputes over assignment orders, deposit and intellectual or artistic works that do not concern a commercial enterprise are excluded.

Commercial cases are heard by the commercial court of first instance (asliye ticaret mahkemesi), whatever the value in dispute (Art. 5/1). The relationship between the commercial court and the civil courts is treated as a question of subject-matter jurisdiction (Art. 5/3), so a case filed in the wrong court is not decided on its merits there and time is lost. In districts that have no commercial court, the civil court of first instance hears commercial cases (Art. 5/4). Evidence is governed by the Code of Civil Procedure, and commercial cases below a monetary threshold, revalued every year, are heard under the simple procedure (Art. 4/2).

Yes, for most money claims. In commercial cases whose subject is a sum of money, namely claims for receivables or compensation, actions to annul an objection in enforcement proceedings (itirazın iptali), negative declaratory actions (menfi tespit) and restitution claims (istirdat), applying to a mediator before filing the lawsuit is a condition of the action (Commercial Code, Art. 5/A/1). A case filed without mediation is dismissed on procedural grounds without any further step (Mediation Law No. 6325, Art. 18/A/2).

The application is made to the mediation office (arabuluculuk bürosu) at the place of the court that would hear the case (Art. 18/A/4). The office appoints a mediator from its list, or the mediator the parties agree on (Art. 18/A/5). Mandatory mediation does not apply where the parties have an arbitration agreement (Art. 18/A/18), and claims whose subject is not a sum of money, for example a request to stop unfair competition, are assessed separately.

When a Turkish business does not pay an invoice, return an advance or deliver goods that were paid for, Turkish law offers several routes, and they are often used one after another: a formal notice of default, mandatory mediation, enforcement proceedings through the enforcement office (icra dairesi), a lawsuit before the commercial court, fast-track enforcement where a cheque or promissory note exists, and a precautionary attachment where there is a risk that assets will disappear. Which route fits depends on the documents held: a signed acknowledgement of debt, a cheque or an unchallenged invoice each lead to a different procedure.

Our guide on debt collection in Turkey explains these steps from the creditor's side in more detail, and the enforcement process itself is covered on our debt collection lawyer in Turkey page.

For unpaid invoices, current account balances, or claims arising from a contract, enforcement proceedings without a judgment may be commenced first; if the debtor objects, an action to set aside the objection follows. Depending on the nature of the claim, litigation may also be pursued directly. Mediation is a mandatory precondition for claims involving payment of a sum of money, including the action to set aside an objection.

Enforcement without a judgment is often the first step for a foreign creditor because it is quick to start and shows whether the debtor actually disputes the debt. If the debtor stays silent, the creditor obtains an enforceable title without a full lawsuit; if the debtor objects, the creditor knows a court decision will be needed. The estimated fees and costs of starting enforcement can be checked with our enforcement cost calculator linked above.

A business that sold goods, produced something, performed work or provided a benefit in the course of its commercial activity can be asked for an invoice (Commercial Code, Art. 21/1). A person who receives an invoice and does not object to its content within eight days of receiving it is deemed to have accepted that content (Art. 21/2). The same eight-day rule applies to a written confirmation of a contract or statement made by telephone, electronic means or orally: if the recipient does not object within eight days, the confirmation is deemed to match what was agreed (Art. 21/3).

In practice, this presumption concerns the content of the invoice, such as prices and quantities, within an existing business relationship. An unchallenged invoice does not by itself always prove that a contract was made or that goods were delivered; delivery notes, transport documents, customs declarations, e-mails and the parties' commercial books are usually examined together. A buyer who disagrees with an invoice, on the other hand, has a short period to make that objection in a provable way, for example by a notarised notice or registered electronic mail.

Article 1530 of the Commercial Code sets rules for late payment in transactions between businesses for the supply of goods and services. Where the creditor has performed and the debtor does not pay on the agreed date or within the agreed period, the debtor falls into default without any notice, unless it is not responsible for the delay, and interest runs even if none was agreed (Art. 1530/2-3).

Where no payment date is agreed, or the agreed period breaks the rule below, the debtor is in default without notice at the end of 30 days after receiving the invoice or an equivalent payment request; where the date of receipt is uncertain, or the invoice arrived before the goods or services, the 30 days run from delivery (Art. 1530/4). A contractual payment period can be at most 60 days. The parties can expressly agree on a longer period if it is not grossly unfair to the creditor, but where the creditor is a small or medium-sized enterprise (KOBİ) or an agricultural or livestock producer, or the debtor is a large enterprise, the period cannot exceed 60 days (Art. 1530/5).

Clauses excluding default interest, providing for a grossly unfair low rate, or excluding or limiting the debtor's liability for late payment are invalid (Art. 1530/6). The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey announces every January the default interest rate for such late payments where none is validly agreed, together with a minimum amount for collection costs; that rate must be at least eight percentage points above the commercial default interest under Law No. 3095 (Art. 1530/7). In instalment arrangements, the payment period rules apply to the first instalment (Art. 1530/8).

In commercial matters the parties can freely agree the interest rate (Commercial Code, Art. 8/1). Compound interest, meaning interest added to the capital and itself earning interest, is valid only in current accounts and in loans that are commercial for both sides, at intervals of at least three months, and never against non-merchants (Art. 8/2).

Where no rate is agreed, Law No. 3095 on Statutory and Default Interest applies. Since its amendment by Law No. 7589 in 2026, statutory interest is 80% of the rediscount rate applied by the Central Bank on 31 December of the previous year, with a mid-year update if the rate changes by five points or more (Art. 1). In commercial matters, the creditor can claim default interest at the Central Bank's short-term advance rate where that rate is higher, even without an agreement (Art. 2). In supply transactions between businesses, the special rate announced under Article 1530 of the Commercial Code may also be relevant. The actual rates change over time and are calculated for each file.

In supply, distribution, agency, or service contracts, clearly setting out the parties' obligations, penalty clauses, and termination provisions is the most effective step in preventing later disputes. Legal review before signature reveals whether the contract contains terms that unfairly disadvantage one party.

For a contract with a Turkish company, the clauses that most often decide a later dispute are the governing law and the forum (a court or arbitration), the notice clause and addresses, the currency and payment term, delivery and inspection rules, the penalty clause, termination and what happens to stock, customers and brands when the relationship ends. A bilingual contract also needs a clause saying which language prevails. Each of these points is explained in the sections below.

A commercial agent (acente) is a person who, without being an employee or a commercial representative of the business, makes it his or her profession, under a contract, to act permanently as an intermediary for contracts concerning a commercial enterprise, or to conclude them in the merchant's name, within a defined place or region (Commercial Code, Art. 102). The agency rules also apply to those who carry out transactions in Turkey in the name and for the account of foreign merchants that have no head office or branch in Turkey (Art. 103/1-b). For a foreign manufacturer that sells in Turkey through a local agent, these rules therefore usually apply.

After an agency relationship ends, the agent can claim fair compensation (denkleştirme tazminatı) where three conditions are met together: the principal continues to gain substantial benefits from new customers the agent brought; the agent, because the relationship ended, loses the commission it would have earned on business with those customers; and payment is equitable in the circumstances (Commercial Code, Art. 122/1).

The compensation cannot exceed the average annual commission or other payments the agent received over its last five years of activity, or over the whole relationship if it was shorter (Art. 122/2). It is not available where the agent terminated the contract without a reason attributable to the principal, or where the principal terminated for just cause because of the agent's fault (Art. 122/3). The right cannot be waived in advance and must be asserted within one year of the end of the contract (Art. 122/4).

The same rule applies, unless it would be inequitable, when exclusive dealership and similar continuing relationships granting exclusive rights end (Art. 122/5). This is why the question of compensation also arises when a foreign manufacturer ends an exclusive distribution agreement with a Turkish distributor.

Distribution and dealership agreements are not regulated as separate contract types in Turkish law. They are governed mainly by what the parties wrote, the general rules of the Code of Obligations, and by analogy some of the agency rules, in particular the goodwill compensation rule for exclusive relationships described above. Exclusivity and non-compete clauses in such agreements can also raise questions under the Law on the Protection of Competition No. 4054, so their scope and duration are checked when the agreement is drafted.

The disputes that typically arise at the end of a distribution relationship concern unpaid invoices for goods already delivered, stock left with the distributor, the notice period, goodwill compensation, use of the brand and customer lists, and trademarks registered in the distributor's name. Several of these, such as brand registration, are covered further down this page.

A cheque is payable at sight; any statement to the contrary written on it is disregarded (Commercial Code, Art. 795). A cheque payable in the place where it was issued must be presented to the bank within ten days, and one payable elsewhere within one month. A cheque issued in another country is presented within one month if the place of issue and the place of payment are on the same continent, and within three months if they are on different continents; for this purpose, cheques issued in a European country and payable in a country with a Mediterranean coast, or the other way round, count as the same continent. The periods start on the day after the issue date written on the cheque (Art. 796).

If a cheque presented in time is not paid, the holder's recourse rights against the drawer and endorsers depend on proof of non-payment: a protest, a dated statement by the bank written on the cheque, or a dated statement by a clearing house (Art. 808). In practice the bank records the 'karşılıksızdır' (no sufficient funds) statement on the cheque. On request, the bank also gives the holder the drawer's addresses known to it (Cheque Law No. 5941, Art. 2/2).

Yes, under the Cheque Law. On the holder's complaint, a person who causes a cheque presented within the legal period to be stamped as unpaid is sentenced, for each cheque, to a judicial fine of up to 1,500 days, which cannot be less than the unpaid amount of the cheque (Cheque Law No. 5941, Art. 5/1). The court also imposes a ban on issuing cheques and opening cheque accounts, and can impose it as a protective measure during the trial. These cases are heard by the enforcement court, at the place of the bank branch where the cheque was presented or the account was opened, or at the domicile of the account holder or the complainant.

Prepayment, victim-offender conciliation and deferral of the announcement of the judgment do not apply to this offence (Art. 5/10). A judicial fine that is not paid is converted directly into imprisonment (Art. 5/11), which is why a bounced cheque can, indirectly, lead to prison. Where the cheque was issued for a legal entity, the ban extends to those who issued it and, for capital companies, also to board members and registered company officers (Art. 5/1). Criminal procedure is covered on our criminal defence page, and travel restrictions that can arise in criminal files are explained in our exit ban guide.

A promissory note (bono or senet) contains the word 'bono' or 'emre yazılı senet' or, if written in another language, the equivalent term in that language; an unconditional promise to pay a specific sum; the maturity date; the place of payment; the name of the payee; the date and place of issue; and the maker's signature (Commercial Code, Art. 776). A document missing one of these elements is generally not a promissory note, subject to fallback rules: a note without a maturity date is payable at sight, and where nothing else is stated the place of issue is treated as the place of payment (Art. 777).

The maker of a promissory note is liable like the acceptor of a bill of exchange (Art. 779). Claims against the acceptor of a bill, and therefore against the maker of a note, are time-barred three years after maturity; the holder's claims against endorsers and the drawer are time-barred one year after a protest made in time (or after maturity if the instrument says 'without protest'), and an endorser's recourse against other endorsers six months after paying or being sued (Art. 749, applied to notes by Art. 778). Claims based on cheques, promissory notes and bills can be collected faster through enforcement proceedings specific to such instruments, explained in the next section. The table further down this page compares cheques and promissory notes.

A creditor holding a cheque, bill of exchange or promissory note can use special enforcement proceedings, by attachment or, against debtors subject to bankruptcy, by bankruptcy, even if the claim is also secured by a pledge. The original instrument and certified copies for each debtor are attached to the request (Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law, Art. 167). If the enforcement officer sees that the document is a negotiable instrument and has matured, a payment order is sent giving the debtor ten days to pay (Art. 168).

The difference from ordinary enforcement is significant. The debtor's objection does not go to the enforcement office and does not automatically stop the proceedings; it goes to the enforcement court within five days, and apart from the sale of assets the proceedings continue unless the court orders a temporary stay (Arts. 168-169). The enforcement court's decisions on these objections can be appealed within two weeks of service; the last day can be checked with our appeal deadline calculator.

Deceptive conduct, or other conduct contrary to good faith, that affects relations between competitors or between suppliers and customers is unfair and unlawful (Commercial Code, Art. 54/2). The rules protect customers' trust, a business's reputation and its trade secrets. The injured party may seek a declaration, an injunction, removal of the consequences, and, where fault is present, pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages.

Trademark protection in Turkey is obtained by registration with the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TÜRKPATENT) (Industrial Property Law No. 6769, Art. 7/1). Registration gives the owner the right to stop others from using an identical or confusingly similar sign for the same or similar goods or services, including on goods and packaging, in import and export, in business papers and advertising, as a trade name, and in domain names, keywords and similar online uses with commercial effect (Art. 7/2-3). Online uses of brands and domain name disputes are also covered on our IT and internet law page.

Applications are published in the Trademark Bulletin, and anyone concerned can file a reasoned opposition within two months of publication (Art. 18). A registered trademark is protected for ten years from the application date and is renewed for ten-year periods; renewal is requested within the six months before expiry, or within six months after expiry with an additional fee (Art. 23). A trademark not genuinely used in Turkey for five years without a valid reason can be revoked (Art. 9). Decisions of TÜRKPATENT are challenged before the Ankara Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights Civil Court (Art. 156/2).

Under the Turkish Act on Private International Law and Procedural Law No. 5718 (MÖHUK), contractual obligations are governed by the law the parties expressly choose, or one that clearly follows from the contract or the circumstances; the choice can cover all or part of the contract and can be made or changed at any time (Art. 24/1-3). Without a choice, the law most closely connected to the contract applies, which is presumed to be the law of the place of business of the party performing the characteristic obligation, typically the seller or service provider (Art. 24/4).

Parties to an obligation with a foreign element can agree that a foreign court will hear their dispute, provided the agreement is proved in writing and the matter is not within the exclusive jurisdiction of Turkish courts. A Turkish court then hears the case only if the foreign court declares itself without jurisdiction or no jurisdiction objection is raised in Turkey (Art. 47/1). Agreements cannot exclude the courts given special jurisdiction for employment, consumer and insurance contracts (Art. 47/2).

Where there is no valid forum clause, the international jurisdiction of Turkish courts follows the domestic venue rules (Art. 40): the defendant's domicile (Code of Civil Procedure, Art. 6) and, for contractual claims, the place of performance (Art. 10). Money debts are, unless agreed otherwise, performed at the creditor's domicile at the time of payment (Code of Obligations, Art. 89). Between merchants in Turkey, an agreement making one or more courts competent must be in writing, identify the legal relationship and name the courts, and, unless agreed otherwise, the case can then be filed only there (Code of Civil Procedure, Arts. 17-18).

Foreign individuals and legal entities that file a lawsuit, join a lawsuit or start enforcement proceedings in Turkey must provide security, in an amount set by the court, to cover the costs of the proceedings and the other side's possible losses (MÖHUK, Art. 48/1). The court exempts the claimant on the basis of reciprocity (Art. 48/2), which in practice is examined through the treaties between Turkey and the claimant's country and that country's own rules.

Whether security is required, and in what amount, is therefore checked at the start of a file, because a claimant that does not provide it within the period given can face procedural consequences. Security is separate from court fees and from the advances paid for service of documents and expert examinations.

Turkish law has two arbitration regimes. Domestic arbitration, for disputes without a foreign element seated in Turkey, is governed by the Code of Civil Procedure (Art. 407 et seq.). International arbitration, for disputes with a foreign element seated in Turkey or where the parties or the tribunal choose that law, is governed by the International Arbitration Law No. 4686 (Art. 1). A foreign element exists, for example, where the parties have their domicile, habitual residence or place of business in different states, or where the underlying contract involves the movement of capital or goods from one country to another (Art. 2).

Disputes over rights in rem in immovable property and matters not subject to the parties' free will cannot go to arbitration (Code of Civil Procedure, Art. 408; Law No. 4686, Art. 1). The arbitration agreement must be in writing; an exchange of letters or electronic messages, or a defendant's failure to dispute an alleged written agreement in its response, satisfies this (Art. 412; Law No. 4686, Art. 4). If a lawsuit is filed despite a valid arbitration agreement, the other side can raise an arbitration objection and the court dismisses the case (Code of Civil Procedure, Art. 413). Unless agreed otherwise, the award on the merits is given within one year of the appointment of the sole arbitrator or the first meeting of the tribunal (Art. 427; Law No. 4686, Art. 10/B). In international arbitration, a party that obtained an interim injunction or attachment from a court must start the arbitration within thirty days (Law No. 4686, Art. 10/A), and the proceedings can be conducted in Turkish or an official language of a state recognised by Turkey (Art. 10/C).

A final foreign judgment in a civil or commercial matter can be enforced in Turkey only after a Turkish court grants enforcement (tenfiz) (MÖHUK, Art. 50). The case is filed at the court of first instance at the debtor's domicile in Turkey, or its residence; if it has neither, at a court in Ankara, Istanbul or Izmir (Art. 51). The petition is accompanied by the judgment certified by the foreign authorities or the issuing court, a document showing that it is final, and certified translations (Art. 53).

The court grants enforcement where there is reciprocity between Turkey and the state of the judgment, through a treaty, a law or actual practice; the judgment is not on a matter within the exclusive jurisdiction of Turkish courts and, if the defendant objects, was not given by a court with no real connection to the dispute or the parties; it is not manifestly contrary to public policy; and the defendant was properly summoned and represented under the law of that court (Art. 54). The request is examined under the simple procedure, and the defendant can object only on these grounds or because the judgment has been performed or cannot be performed (Art. 55). An enforced foreign judgment is executed like a Turkish judgment; an appeal against the enforcement decision suspends execution (Art. 57).

In commercial cases the court can order the parties to produce their commercial books, on its own motion or at a party's request (Code of Civil Procedure, Art. 222/1). Books are accepted as evidence if they are kept fully and properly as the law requires, carry their opening and closing certifications, and their entries confirm each other (Art. 222/2). Books meeting these conditions are evidence in their owner's favour only if the other side's proper books do not contradict them, the other side does not produce its books, or the entries are not disproved by documents or other conclusive evidence; if the other side's proper books contain no entry on the matter, they cannot be used in the owner's favour (Art. 222/3). Books without the certifications, or whose entries do not confirm each other, are evidence against their owner (Art. 222/4).

Transactions above a monetary threshold, which is revalued every year, must as a rule be proved by documents rather than witnesses (Art. 200). Merchants keep their books, financial statements, correspondence and supporting documents for ten years (Commercial Code, Art. 82). For a foreign creditor, this means that its own records are usually examined alongside the Turkish counterparty's books, and that contracts, order confirmations, delivery documents and e-mails, with sworn Turkish translations, form the core of the file.

A person who operates a commercial enterprise, even in part, in their own name is considered a merchant (Commercial Code, Art. 12/1), a status that carries additional obligations — registration with the trade registry, keeping commercial books, choosing a lawful trade name, being subject to bankruptcy for all debts, and acting as a prudent businessperson in all commercial activities (Art. 18/1-2). In disputes between merchants, notices of default, termination or withdrawal are made through specified means: a notary, registered letter, telegram, or registered electronic mail using a secure electronic signature (Art. 18/3).

The prudent businessperson standard matters in practice. Courts expect a merchant to read what it signs, to check invoices and deliveries, and to object within the short periods the law gives, so carelessness can more readily be held against a business than against a private individual.

Unless the law provides otherwise, every claim is time-barred after ten years (Code of Obligations, Art. 146). Five years applies to, among others, rent, interest on capital and other periodic payments; claims between a company and its partners or managers arising from the partnership; claims under mandate, commission and agency contracts; and claims under contracts for work, except where the contractor seriously failed to perform through gross fault (Art. 147). Special rules give shorter periods for defects in goods, unfair competition, cheques, bills and promissory notes, all summarised in the time limits table further down this page.

Limitation is interrupted when the debtor acknowledges the debt, for example by paying interest or part of the debt, or when the creditor sues, starts enforcement proceedings or files a claim in bankruptcy (Art. 154). Mandatory mediation also stops limitation while it lasts. When a period starts to run depends on the claim, so it is calculated separately for each file.

Concordat (konkordato) is a court-supervised restructuring. A debtor that cannot pay its debts as they fall due, or is at risk of not paying them, can apply for more time or a reduction, and any creditor entitled to request bankruptcy can ask for concordat proceedings against the debtor (Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law, Art. 285). The temporary moratorium lasts three months and can be extended by up to two months (Art. 287); if the concordat appears able to succeed, a definitive moratorium of one year is granted, extendable by up to six months (Art. 289).

During the moratorium, apart from limited exceptions, no enforcement proceedings, including those for public receivables, can be started against the debtor, existing proceedings stop, interim injunctions and precautionary attachments are not executed, and unless the approved plan provides otherwise, interest stops running on unsecured claims from the definitive moratorium (Art. 294). For a foreign supplier, this means the claim has to be registered and followed within the concordat file. Our article on off-plan property when the developer goes bankrupt shows how concordat and bankruptcy affect creditors in practice. Where the Turkish counterparty is a limited company in which a foreign client is itself a partner, the options for leaving the company are explained in our guide on exiting a limited company in Turkey.

The duration depends on the nature of the dispute, the evidence, whether a court-appointed expert (bilirkişi) report is needed, the number of parties and service abroad, and the court's caseload. The mediation stage has a legal limit of six weeks, extendable by two. For the court stage, no reliable figure can be given in advance; a realistic range can be discussed once the file has been reviewed.

First-instance judgments can be appealed to the regional court of appeal (istinaf) within two weeks of service (Code of Civil Procedure, Art. 345), and appealable decisions of the regional court can then be appealed to the Court of Cassation (temyiz) within two weeks of service (Art. 361). Some judgments below monetary thresholds are final at an earlier stage. If a time limit ends during the judicial recess, it is extended by one week from the end of the recess. Deadlines can be checked with our appeal deadline calculator linked above.

A lawyer's fee in Turkey cannot be agreed below the Attorneyship Minimum Fee Tariff (Avukatlık Asgari Ücret Tarifesi) (Attorneys Act No. 1136, Art. 164). The tariff is prepared every year by the Union of Turkish Bar Associations (TBB), taking into account the proposals of the local bars, and becomes final through the procedure involving the Ministry of Justice (Art. 168). Fees are generally assessed against the value of the claim and the complexity of the matter — a single debt collection differs significantly from an ongoing unfair-competition dispute — and can only be quoted once the file has been reviewed.

Official costs are separate from the lawyer's fee. In money claims, a proportional court fee is calculated on the value of the claim, a quarter of which is paid when the case is filed and the rest within one month of service of the judgment (Fees Law No. 492, Art. 28/1-a). Enforcement offices charge their own fees, and expert, service and translation costs are added. Foreign claimants may also be asked for security. The losing party is ordered to pay the costs of the case, including a statutory attorney's fee calculated under the tariff (Code of Civil Procedure, Art. 326). Tax aspects of commercial transactions, such as VAT on invoices, are covered on our tax law page.

As a rule, a case is filed at the court of the defendant's domicile (Article 6 of the Code of Civil Procedure), and a claim arising from a contract may also be filed where the contract is to be performed (Article 10). A customer in Ankara who fails to pay may therefore be sued in Ankara. A commercial lawyer in Turkey registered with a Turkish bar can act before the commercial courts and enforcement offices in every city.

Some commercial matters lead to Ankara in any case. Lawsuits against decisions of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office are heard by the Ankara Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights Civil Court, and a foreign judgment against a debtor with no domicile or residence in Turkey can be enforced through a court in Ankara, Istanbul or Izmir.

We act as a commercial lawyer in Istanbul and before the courts in Ankara for unpaid invoices, contract disputes and cheque claims. The office is in Istanbul; files in Ankara and other cities are followed through the electronic UYAP system and by attending hearings where needed, so a business looking for a commercial lawyer in Ankara can have its file followed from Istanbul. Collection through enforcement offices is explained on our debt collection lawyer in Turkey page.